The First Great Lesson
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DiscussionPre-lesson Questions
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Video LessonsThe First Great Lesson
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Experiments and ActivitiesForce of Attraction
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Settling Layers According to Density
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Directions to Make Your Own Volcano
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Beginning of the Universe Nomenclature Cards
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Beginning of the Universe Research Cards
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AnswersAnswer Key: The First Great Lesson
Answer Key: The First Great Lesson
We encourage you to experiment or do research to find the answers to these questions on your own before looking at our answers!
Force of Attraction
Were the pieces of paper attracted to each other, or did they repel each other? Or neither? Or both?
The pieces of paper should have moved around the surface of the water without any outside force. Some of the pieces should have come together to form different groups. Other pieces should seem to have pushed each other away.

How did the paper move in the water with no outside force (touching, blowing)?
Montessori uses this demonstration to talk about “the force of attraction.” When particles at the beginning of the Universe were attracted to each other, they came together and formed stars, galaxies, the Sun, and the Earth. The same force also pushes some particles away from each other.
“The force of attraction” is not simply one force. It is multiple forces working together that result in attraction. They are forces that cause objects to come together (or move apart) without touching one another. Some examples are:
- Gravity
- Magnetic Force
- Electrostatic force
- Adhesion and cohesion
In this demonstration, adhesion, cohesion, the surface tension of the water, the shape of the paper, and the manner in which the paper fell to the surface all come together to cause the pieces of paper to move the way they do … but that’s a lesson for another day!
How does this experiment relate to the story of how the Universe came to be?
This demonstration represents what happened to all of the particles when the Universe was first forming:
- Some particles liked each other, and they came together. Other particles did not like each other, and they stayed separate.
The different groups of paper that formed represent how the particles that were floating around at the beginning of the Universe came together to form different things: stars, galaxies, the Sun … and eventually, our Earth.
Settling Layers According to Density
Can you list the liquids (water, oil, and honey) from least dense to most dense?
- Oil = Least Dense
- Water = Middle
- Honey = Most Dense

Do you think the particles in the densest liquid are closer together, or further apart than the particles in the least dense liquid? Why?
Here is what we know (we learned the first 2 statements in First Great Lesson):
- When particles cool, they huddle together very closely.
- When the Earth was forming, particles in the center warmed and rose up to the outside. Particles on the outside cooled and sank down to the center.
- The densest liquid is the one that sank to the bottom of the cup.
If cooled particles sink, and they are also close together, we can guess that the densest liquid (the one that sank the lowest) probably has particles that are close together.
- Learn more about density here.
Directions to Make Your Own Volcano
What happened when you mixed the baking soda, soap, and food coloring together? What happened when you added the vinegar?
When you mix the baking soda, soap, and food coloring together, some observations you might make are:
- It mixes
- It turns red
- It gets wet
When you add the vinegar some observations you might make are:
- It bubbles/fizzes
- It comes out the top
- It explodes
Are there any parts of this experiment you could change to cause a different outcome?
There are many different things you could do:
- You could add more or less vinegar – it might make the reaction bigger or smaller.
- You could add more or less baking soda – it might make the reaction bigger or smaller.
- You could add more or less soap – it might make it more or less bubbly.
- You could take away any of the ingredients – taking away baking soda or vinegar would stop the reaction completely.
How is this similar to what happens in a real volcano? (Hint: think back to The First Great Lesson)
When Earth was first forming, it was very hot and chaotic. Eventually, the Earth started to cool, and a solid crust formed where the warm Earth touched the cold outer space. Under the crust, the hot liquid Earth was still there.
Today it is even cooler, and the crust is thicker … but the hot liquid center still remains. Some of the particles in the center get so hot that they become gas. The gas forms bubbles in the liquid rock. The gas wants to rise, so it pushes the liquid rock to Earth’s surface. We call the places where this happens volcanoes.
In this demonstration, you mix vinegar and baking soda together to cause a chemical reaction. That chemical reaction quickly creates a lot of gas. The gas forms bubbles in the soap. The gas wants to rise, so it pushes through the opening in your “volcano” in the form of soap bubbles.
- Learn more about the upward force of gas in Force Direction of Solids, Liquids, and Gases.
- Learn more about volcanoes in Effects of Moving Tectonic Plates.
- Learn more about chemical reactions in Combining & Separating and The Story of the Elements.
You just made a volcano out of salt dough. What are real volcanoes made of?
Volcanoes are made of hot molten rock, ash, and gases. Learn more about volcanoes in Effects of Moving Tectonic Plates.
Are there volcanoes where you live? Are you sure? (Hint: look up dormant volcanoes)
You’ll have to research this one on your own!
Why do volcanoes form in some places, but not others?
Volcanoes usually form at tectonic plate boundaries or hot spots where Earth’s crust is thinner. It is easier for gas and molten rock to push through thin crust than through thick crust.
- Learn more about volcanoes in Effects of Moving Tectonic Plates.